Uburezi
Yatangajwe31/03/2026
4 iminota yo gusoma
Umwana wanjjye ni umuswa.
Nta kintu abana b’abanyafurika bapimirwaho nk’amanota yo mu ishuri! Ababyeyi b’abanyafurika wabavugaho byinshi ariko icyo utabaveba ni ukwita ku manota umwana abona mu ishuri. Cyera nkiri umwana, amanota nta n’ubwo ari cyo cya mbere barebaga, ahubwo ni umwanya. Umunsi wo gutanga amanota ku mpera za buri gihembwe wabaga ari umunsi ukomeye cyane. Ukiri mu nzira utaranagera mu rugo, uwo unyuzeho wese yarakubazaga ati: “Wabaye uwa kangahe sha?” Igisubizo cya mbere giteye ishema cyabaga ari : “Nabaye uwa mbere” ariko kuza muri batanu ba mbere nabyo ntabwo byari bigayitse. Iyo wageraga mu rugo, waherezaga indangamanota yawe ababyeyi, bagahita bareba umurongo wo hasi ahari umwanya wawe na mbere y’uko bareba amanota wagiye ubona muri buri somo. Kuri bo umwanya wabaga ari ingenzi cyane! Ndababwiza ukuri nzi abana bakubiswe babaye aba kabiri kandi bagize amanota arenga 80%!
Ese koko kubona amanota menshi mu ishuri ni byo kamara?
N’ubwo guharanira kuza ku isonga ari byiza kandi dukwiye kubyigisha abana bacu, uku kwibanda cyane ku manota umwana yabonye cyangwa umwanya yabaye, bituma umwana yumva nabi icyo gutsinda bivuze kandi bituma twirengagiza ibindi bintu by’ingenzi mu mikurire y’umwana, bityo bikaba byabangamira umwana mu buryo butandukanye.
Abana biswe ‘abaswa’ bahura n’uruva gusenya!
Kwibanda cyane ku manota umwana abona mu ishuri akenshi bituma abana bashyirwa mu byiciro bibiri: ‘abahanga’ n’ ‘abaswa’. Ijambo ‘umuswa’ ubwaryo ni ijambo rigayitse ritera umwana ipfunwe. Iyo umwana yiswe ‘umuswa’ baramutonganya, bakamubwira nabi, bakamukubita. Ababyeyi bakunze guhuza uku gutsindwa mu ishuri no kuba uwo mwana ntacyo ashoboye, arangara mu ishuri, adashyira imbaraga mu kwiga, ndetse bakanavuga ko ntacyo azimarira mu buzima. Uko gutsindwa mu ishuri akenshi gusanishwa no ‘gutsindwa’ muri rusange mu buzima, umwana nakura.
Ese ubundi kuba ‘umuhanga’ ni iki?
Mu gitabo cyamamaye cyane “Frames of Mind”, inzobere mu mitekereze n’imyigire y’abana Professor Howard Gardner avuga ko ubwenge (intelligence) atari ikintu kimwe. Asobanura ubwoko umunani bw’ubwenge — kandi amashuri menshi cyane cyane muri Afurika asuzuma ubwoko bubiri gusa muri ubwo.
- Ubwenge bujyanye n’imibare (logical-mathematical): Ubushobozi bwo gutekereza, gukemura ibibazo ukurikije isano hagati y’ibintu runaka ndetse n’imibare. Ubu ni bwo amashuri akunze gusuzuma.
- Ubwenge bujyanye n’ururimi (linguistic): Kumenya gukoresha amagambo — mu mvugo no mu kwandika. Ba bana bazi kubara inkuru, biga izindi ndimi biboroheye cyangwa bakunda gusoma.
- Ubwenge bujyanye n’umuziki (musical): Gushobora kwibanda cyane ku njyana, amajwi, n’umuziki. Wa mwana ushobora kwigana injyana runaka neza cyane kandi ataraniga gusoma.
- Ubwenge bujyanye n’amashusho (visual-spatial): Ubushobozi bwo gufata amashusho mu mutwe, kwibuka ahantu, n’imiterere y’ibintu bifatika. Abaganga b’inzobere mu kubaga, abashushanya imbata z’inyubako bakunze kuba babufite cyane.
- Ubwenge bwo gukoresha umubiri (bodily-kinesthetic): Kumenya gukoresha ingingo z’umubiri wihuta, udasobwa. Abakinnyi, ababyinnyi, n’abanyabugeni bakoresha intoki.
- Ubwenge bwo kumenya abantu (Interpersonal): Ubushobozi bwo gusobanukirwa abandi no guhuza nabo. Kumva amarangamutima yabo, ibyo bakeneye n’ikizatuma bakora ikintu runaka. Aba ni ba bana usanga bafite inshuti nyinshi. Abayobozi beza akenshi baba bafite ubu bwenge.
- Ubwenge bwo kwimenya (Intrapersonal): Gusobanukirwa neza amarangamutima yawe bwite, ibigushishikaje, ibikubangukira n’ibikugora. Abana bakunze kuba bacecetse, bari kwibaza no gutekereza kuri byinshi bakunze kuba babufite.
- Ubwenge bwo kumenya ibimera n’inyamaswa (Naturalistic): Gushishikazwa cyane n’ibimera, inyamaswa, imiterere karemano y’isi. Umuhinzi ureba ubutaka agahita amenya uko bwera, umutoza w’inyamaswa wagira ngo afite ubushobozi bwo kuganira nazo.
Umwana ugorwa no gukuba, akabona zeru mu mibare ashobora kuba afite ubwenge bwinshi bujyanye n’umuziki cyangwa bwo gukoresha umubiri — kandi aganishijwe muri iyo nzira, abantu bose bazajya bavuga ko ari igitangaza. Ntabwo uwo mwana ari umuswa ahubwo ni uko indangamanota ye itagaragaza ubwenge afite.
Ikindi twibeshya ku bana b’ ‘abahanga’
Usibye n’ubwo bwoko butandukanye bw’ubwenge, hari ikindi dukunze kwibeshyaho ku bana twita abahanga. Twibwira ko umwana wabaye uwa mbere ari we uba ushyira imbaraga mu kwiga kurusha abandi. Ibi siko bimeze. Ubwenge ubwo ari bwo bwose, bwaba ubwo ishuri risuzuma n’ubwo ridasuzuma, bwigaragaza bitewe n’ibintu bibiri: impano umwana yavukanye (akenshi byitwa ‘nature’), ndetse no kwiga no kwitoza (akenshi byitwa ‘nurture’). Wa mwana wabaye uwa mbere ntibivuze ko ari we wize cyane kurusha abandi, ahubwo akenshi aba ari wa mwana wavukanye ubwenge bwinshi mu byo ishuri risuzuma. Nugendera ku ndangamanota gusa, uzavuga ko umwana wagize amanota make kandi yari yakoze iyo bwabaga, arangara, adakurikira, cyangwa adashyira imbaraga mu masomo nka wa wundi wabaye uwa mbere kandi atari byo. Kudaha agaciro imbaraga uwo mwana yakoresheje ngo ni uko atabaye uwa mbere ni ukumuca intege.
Ese ubundi ‘intsinzi’ ni iki?
Akenshi duhatira abana gutsinda mu ishuri tuvuga ko tugamije kubategurira kuzagera ku ntsinzi (success) mu buzima bwabo bw’ejo hazaza. Iyo batabonye amanota meza, turabahana, tukabatonganya, tukabakubita, tukabita abaswa. Iyo bagiye gukina, gusabana na bagenzi babo cyangwa gukora ibindi bintu bibashishikaje, turababuza, tukabyita kurangara, ngo ni basubire mu masomo bazabe aba mbere. Nyamara rimwe na rimwe ugasanga ibyo tubabuza ari byo bizagira uruhare mu kubageza kuri ya ntsinzi tubifuriza ejo hazaza kurusha na ya manota no kuba uwa mbere tubahatira guha umwanya wabo wose. Tuzi twese abanyemari b’abakire, batabaga aba mbere mu ishuri. Tuzi kandi abana babaga aba mbere mu ishuri ariko barangiza bakabura akazi, cyangwa se ntibabashe kuzamuka mu ntera mu kazi bagahera mu kazi batishimiye. Hari umuyobozi w’ibitaro uhembwa menshi kurusha umuganga w’inzobere mu kubaga ubwonko ukora muri ibyo bitaro. Uwo muyobozi ntiyabaga uwa mbere mu ishuri ariko uwo muganga yabaga uwa mbere. Hari kandi n’abakire bagwije umutungo ariko bagapfa biyahuye kandi abantu benshi bahoraga bifuza kugera ku byo bagezeho. Nonese ubwo iyo ‘ntsinzi’ dutegurira abana bacu, ubundi ni iyihe? ‘Intsinzi’ ni iki?